Computer Questions Final Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Computer Questions Final - Assignment Example In use since the late 1960's, it is a popular choice for airline tickets, photo developing envelopes and internal warehouse systems. Bar code scanners are manufactured to read the imprinted bar code where as mark sensors are designed to read mechanically or manually read items passed by their scanners. They can be fixed at any location. It makes the most sense to think of bandwidth in terms of a rive Bluetooth wireless technology uses adaptive frequency hopping as its form of the maximum possible rate of data transfer under optimal conditions access point to transfer information to one another, as well as receive internet signal. A polynomial code can detect any error burst of length less than or equal to. Usually the actual serial binary data to be transmitted over the cable are not channel is the theoretical maximum information transfer rate of the channel. Transmission errors increase and S/N ratio decreases. As the 'true' signal power decreases the receiver has greater difficulty separating it from 'false' signal elements (i.e., noise and distortion) and thus makes more interpretation errors. An amplifier increases the power of whatever is present at its input. A repeater listens to its input, interprets its data content, and generates a new outgoing signal of equivalent data content. Amplifiers are simpler but amplify noise and distortion in their input signal. Repeaters are more complex, but generate a 'clean' output signal. 12. What are the advantages of wireless transmission using RF waves as compared to infrared waves Wireless transmission allows the information to transfer without any cable or wire. It boost up the speed of information to be transferred. 13. Describe the relationship between Type I and Type II errors Type I (): reject the null-hypothesis when the null-hypothesis is true, and Type II (): fail to reject the null-h

Concord - Massachusetts Essay Example for Free

Concord Massachusetts Essay Although the transcendentalism movement was an extremely long time ago the ideas are still pertinent today. When Henry David Thoreau said, â€Å"Let him step to the music which he hears, however measured or far away. It is not important that he should mature as soon as an apple tree or an oak†(247), that he would be telling people to be themselves many generations later. The transcendentalism movement took place during the early 1800’s when America was developing its own writing style. The authors of the time all thought in the same wavelength. Some of them, such as Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson belonged to a transcendentalism club in which they shared their ideas. Thoreau had ideas that he firmly believed in and tried to act upon his ideas. He wanted to live in solitude and be one with nature, so he went to Walden Pond and was semi-secluded from society. Except for a couple of times when he went to the nearby town for things he needed he was on his own. He did well with it, but wanted to move on with his life so he left Walden. After his experience, he decided to write about it in his book, Walden Pond. Thoreau tried to live his life based on his ideas no matter how extreme they may have been. These transcendentalists had many ideas that seemed to others to be extremely impractical. The authors thought that they could transform the world through their ideas. One of their main ideas was that we are all true individuals and should not conform to whatever the â€Å"norm† is. Thoreau tells us to live our own life, whether it be good or bad, it is ours. â€Å"However mean your life is, meet it and live it; do not shun it or call it hard names†(247). Also, we should do the morally right thing. We should do what our heart says is right and not always listen to our heads. They also wrote in an optimistic view and their writings were very inspiring. All of their ideas are relevant today on some level. People are reading Emerson and Thoreau as though they were on the current best sellers list. Not everybody reads the material because they are assigned it, but rather they are using it as a tool to find out how to live their lives. All of our lives we are told to be ourselves and not to go along with the crowd, and that is the same thing Thoreau said over a century ago. Furthermore, we are told to do the right thing, however, today we use more our heads than our hearts to make decisions. As we read their writings weare inspired to change our lives, but most of us find it to hard to change. As a society we like to choose the easy way out, and in this case it is a lot easier to go along with the crowd than it is to stand out. We care so much about fitting in that we don’t want to be different because we fear that nobody will like our true personalities. Henry David Thoreau was trying to inspire his generation to lead their own lives, but he must have had a loud voice because we hear him loud and clear many years later. Unfortunately, we don’t have the courage that he had to act on his ideas. It is almost as if we are not born individually anymore, now societies are born as a whole and they do not contain any individuals. We need to spend more time stepping to the beat of our own drummer.

The U.S. Marines and the 19th Century :: Marine Corps War Essays

The U.S. Marines and the 19th Century In the beginning of the 21st Century the U.S. Marine Corps stands at a strength of approximately 200,000 personnel. The Marines are also equipped with tanks, helicopters, fixed wing aircraft and specialized ships, manned by the U.S. Navy, to transport them to various destinations. These numbers constitute a larger force than the entire armed forces of many countries and the U.S. Marine Corps is considered the junior service of the U.S. military. The Defense Act of 1947 guaranteed the continuing existence of the Marine Corps as law. All this happened in the 20th century. During the 19th century the Marines not only fought the enemies of this country, foreign and domestic, but had to fight for their very existence. â€Å"In 1806 Marine Corps registers showed a paid strength of only eleven officers and 307 noncommissioned officers and enlisted men. Its main duties at sea focused on guarding against mutinies on U.S. Navy ships. In combat, marines fired their muskets at enemy ships’ officers and crew during battle, formed contingents to board enemy ships or attack enemy shore installations, and repelled enemy boarders. On shore, marines guarded U.S. Navy yards in several American cities.† (With Fidelity and Effectiveness: Archibald Henderson’s Lasting Legacy to the U.S. Marine Corps, Joseph Dawson, p. 271) The early 19th century saw the United States as a small agrarian society trying to build a unified country. After the Revolution the Army, Navy and Marines were disbanded as they were believed to be not needed. No one planned to go to war with anyone and any possible land conflict could be handled by the various state militias. This changed with the influx of pirac y by the French and a few North African Arab kingdoms, commonly called the Barbary pirates. The United States had a thriving mercantile marine that proudly sailed across the world to find new markets. This made them perfect targets. John Adams, the 2nd president, reconstituted the Navy and with that the Marines. New ships were built and sailors and Marines were recruited to man them. They fought against pirates in the Mediterranean and the Caribbean. This had the un-intended effect of preparing them for the 2nd war with Great Britain from 1812 to 1814.

How gender roles and stereotypes affect children Essay

Like most people I have nieces and nephews. Whenever I take my niece to McDonalds she always orders the Happy Meal. Without asking whether we wanted a girl or boy toy, they automatically gave her the Polly Pocket Doll, instead of the Smurf toy that she actually was hoping for. Being a girl, the cashier assumed that she would prefer the doll over the Smurf toy. This sort of incident happens more often than you would think. It really made me, wonder how gender roles and stereotypes affect children in their everyday lives. Gender roles and stereotypes have a significant effect on children. They are constantly bombarded with images of what a girl is supposed to act like. The same thing is portrayed to the boys. They are taught that they are supposed to be tough individuals, while girls are seen as little weak beings who are obsessed with superficial things. In the long run these images of what they are supposed to act like eventually shape who they become as adults. Gender roles refer to the set of social and behavioral norms that are considered to be appropriate for individuals of a specific sex in the context of a specific culture, which differ widely between cultures and over time. Gender stereotypes are simplistic generalizations about the gender attributes, differences, and roles of different groups or individuals, According to Joan, Ferrante, Seeing Sociology: An Introduction 2011. They are relevant in more ways than most people even care to recognize. Sources such as advertisements, television, sports, and even parents are where children pick up most of their behavior traits. These factors could affect sexuality, growth, development, personality, and job choices. There are several ways for children to be influenced gender stereotypes. Researchers such as Adrian Furnham and Twiggy Mak, show that advertisement is one of the main factors in keeping gender stereotypes alive in children. Toy commercials are the ones usually perpetuating these roles and stereotypes. Commercials that are targeted towards girls usually show playing house or cooking. They almost always have a doll in their hand. Being popular, beautiful, and passive are key points the media tries to get across. Girls are never seen playing with â€Å"boy toys† such as trucks or guns. In addition, commercials targeted towards boys they are seen as power seekers. Speed and physical ability are a huge factor when it comes to the toys that are supposedly for their gender. The children in the commercials are told to act aggressively and independently. Society wants boys to take and learn more dominant roles. The boys in commercials will never be seen playing with â€Å"girl toys†. By the time a child reaches four they realize their sexuality and pick toys targeted towards their sex group. That is also around the time where they learn the behaviors associated with their specific gender. Children tend to associate the toys they play with to what they see in their environment. If a child’s behaviors and interests stray away from what is believed to be normal then they are subject to discrimination and ridicule by their peers and adults. Carol Lynn Martin thinks, â€Å"Most children display traits of both sexes†. When a child notices that they act outside of what is considered â€Å"normal† for their gender, they become sexually confused. On the inside they tend to question why they are not like most children of the same sex. Most children who show opposite sex characteristics are often labeled â€Å"gay†. Boys who show more feminine traits are called â€Å"effeminate†. They are seen as the boys who want to be girls. Usually they gravitate more towards female or domestic activities, have all female friends, and tend to cross-dress. Girls who participate in the more masculine activities are labeled as â€Å"tomboys†. They usually enjoy boyish sports, have all male friends and often wish to be a boy. Despite many of our beliefs, parents also influence their children on what is and what is not appropriate for their gender. Children learn a lot of day to day duties and behaviors from what they pick up from their parents. Normally parents tend to treat their children of different genders differently from the time they are born. They always expect different behaviors and reactions. For example, if a little girl falls and cries, she is immediately consoled and nurtured. At the same time if this same incident were to happen to a little boy he would be told to â€Å"suck it up crybaby† or â€Å"crying is for girls†. Instead of enforcing societies expectations on the child parents should help them aspire to become the unique person they are destined to be. Even the color that a child wears contributes to what are seen as â€Å"girl† or â€Å"boy† colors. Most boys are dressed in blue, red, black, dark green, and brown. In contrast girls traditionally wear pink, yellow, light green, and purple. If you little boys’ favorite color just so happens to be yellow there is a possibility that you would you judge him and tell him it’s a girl color. Many would not embrace his individuality. You should not see your son as less of a man because of a color. Many parents do each and every day. In relation to environment, girls tend to pick up on what they see the female figure in the house doing. Barbie Dolls tend to heavily reinforce roles such as domestic duties, narcissism, and popularity, which show that there is not much to women besides their outer appearance and reputation. Toys such as Baby Born teach girls that women have babies and stay home to care for and nurture them. Toys such as Easy Bake Ovens teach girls that the woman cooks while the man of the house is at work. Boys always pick up on the behaviors of the male figure in the house hold. Such as taking out the trash, fixing things around the house, and going to work. On another note, toys aimed at boys are usually more aggressive and independent. Guns, tools, and trucks are seen as things that boys tend to gravitate towards because they are all seen as norms as it relates to male hobbies. Male children are more influenced to be strategic thinkers in relation to military based toys and games. From early childhood to adulthood boys are taught to be in charge as head of the household. Showing authority and superiority are the standard roles and stereotypes that boys are held to. Children are also restrained to gender roles and stereotypes through sports. According to society girls and women are supposed to do more feminine sports. It is rare that you hear about a female football player winning the Superbowl. In the world of sports girls are seen as weak and fragile. Boys are typically seen as better athletes. They are being told that they need to be stronger and faster than the next boy by parents and society. Boys are expected to do more contact and man-to-man aggressive sports. A boy usually would not be seen in a dance recital for The Nut Cracker. This is because it is outside of their set of â€Å"norms†. When it comes to gender roles in the work place, girls see on TV that they are supposed to be a secretary, nurse or any other job that is under a male figure. That goes back to the toys they play with enforcing a tidy and nurturing personality, also that women are supposed to be passive and submissive to men. Most girls see it as they should be the nurse to a male doctor. Boys think they should be the business owner with a female secretary. Boys do not usually see themselves as a hairstylist, but it does occasionally happen. Just like girls do not see themselves as a world famous football player, because of gender stereotypes girls tend not to strive as high in the work place because most feel that the males should take care of most of the financial needs, since they grow up seeing males as the head of the household. Society and parents should do a better job in promoting gender neutral toys and ideas. Fisher price and leapfrog are great manufacturers of toys that lean towards no specific gender with toys that focus more on education than anything else. Which is what we as a society should be pushing instead of colors and stereotypical gender roles. Don’t let the gender of your child be determined by what color he or she has, or what toys they play with. Kids should not be pushed into a specific category when it comes to their sexuality or gender. America needs to learn that everyone is an individual and has different ideas on how they should think or behave. Overall I feel that kids should just be kids, which entails them making their own life choices when it comes to their personality and sexuality. Their gender and personality should not be determined by what color they are wearing, what toys they choose to play with or who they hang around. They should be treated with respect no matter what their preferences are. Parents should embrace gender neutral ideas. This would make children more comfortable with whatever choices they make. There is no reason any child should feel like an outcast in society because their personality does not fit the â€Å"norms† that goes within their gender. Acknowledgements I would like to first and foremost thank my mother. Without her I would not have been as focused on getting this project done as I am now. Secondly I want to thank me boyfriend for making me take time out of our quality time to make sure I was doing my work as far as the research and writing process goes. Also I would like to thank the Writer’s Studio and the Center for Academic Success. Last but not least I want to give a huge thank you to myself for pushing through the toughest times and getting this paper done. Seeing as how this paper has been the biggest obstacle academically this semester, I still managed to persevere and hopefully make a good grade.

Hume: Morality Is Based on Sentiment

Hume: Morality is Based on Sentiment This paper will attempt to give a detailed breakdown of David Hume's take on morality, and how some of the other philosophers would critique his stance. I will first speak about why Hume believes reason and passion don't contradict each other. Then I will give Aristotle’s and Aquinas' view on this conclusion of his. Next, I will speak on how Hume argues that moral judgments aren't grounded in reason. Afterwards, I will discuss what he considers that moral judgments are founded on. Finally, I will give a critique of Hume's theory from Hobbes' perspective.Hume's take on human morality is a very interesting one indeed to contemplate. His main argument on the topic is that the morality of humans is totally derived from sentiment, and in no way has anything to do with reason. He first defines sentiment and reason. He says that the former refers to passions such as emotions, feelings, appetites and desires. Then he also goes on to categorize the passions as being either calm or violent. And according to him, it is our passions that lead us to action. He also states that passions can neither be true nor false, they're â€Å"original existences† (Hume 42 column 2 paragraph 3).Then he defines reason as, what we can say, are ruminations of the mind, which includes beliefs, thoughts, conclusions of arguments, etc, and declares that these can be true or false. It is with these definitions in mind that Hume goes on to make the statement that passion and reason cannot oppose each other. Because passions are original existences, they are neither reasonable nor unreasonable though they are the dominators of our actions. Reason, however, can be put to true/false evaluations and are actually derived from our passions.Reason cannot contradict passion because this would be an internal disagreement of ideas, which are considered as copies of the object which they represent, i. e. the particular passion. He states though that a pass ion can be called unreasonable if it is founded upon a false supposition or chooses insufficient means for the required end (Hume 43 column 2 paragraph 2), but when one perceives that the supposition is false or the means are insufficient, then the passion yields to reason without any opposition whatsoever (Hume 43 column 2 paragraph 2).This is because willing an action follows upon the supposition that the action brings about a proposed effect, but as soon as it's found that this supposition is not true there is no more desire to will that action. He also says that reason can have an indirect impact on passion. For example, when one considers jealousy, it can be seen that it’s a passion that’s based in human belief. Aristotle’s view is based on a system of virtues of which, if they’re done well, would cause one to lead a happy life. He also states that there are actually two categories of virtues: those that are intellectual and those which are moral.Int ellectual virtues refer to those characteristics that lead one to think or reason well, and demands experience and time. Moral virtues, on the other hand, are those characteristics that perfect our character and are acquired through habit (Aristotle 54 column 1 paragraph 4). These habits are the basis of actions, thus determining what one does in particular situations. Taking a look at how Hume’s actions derived from sentiment can be compared with Aristotle’s moral virtues that come through habit, the parallels in the theories can be immediately seen.The same can be said about Aristotle’s intellectual virtues bettering one’s thinking when compared with Hume’s reason being composed of ideas, beliefs and the like. Hume’s definitions of sentiment and reason can be seen as analogous to Aristotle’s virtues. Seeing that these two classes of virtues too function in wholly different ways to Aristotle, being that they target different aspects of the human, he would agree with Hume’s view that passion cannot oppose reason.The same can be said for Aquinas as was said for Aristotle. Aquinas' statement â€Å"Whatever a human being seeks, it seeks under the aspect of the good and if it does not seek it as its perfect good, which is its ultimate end, it must seek it as tending to that perfect good, since any beginning is ordered to its culmination† (McInerny 200 paragraph 3) can be interpreted to mean that all the things attracting the human will are perceived as being good.He then goes on to say that there is a distinction between the thing sought, which would be the trigger of Hume’s passion, and the reason for seeking it, which would be the available facts leading to the belief that the object is worth being sought. Here is where he can be compared to Hume who says that passions are original existences that cannot conflict with reason, which is based in facts as known by the human.Aquinas also states th at humans can be mistaken about the good in a particular instance of action, but if a person is enlightened that â€Å"not-A rather than A† contributes to their happiness, they â€Å"have the same reason for doing not-A† that they thought they had for doing â€Å"A† (McInerny 201 paragraph 4). He is saying here that whenever the human discovers that something sought for happiness (and thus is thought to be morally good) doesn’t fulfill the requirement, the human then has the same reason now for not seeking that thing anymore, whether it be a particular action or object.This supplements Hume’s theory of the only situations where he thinks passions can be thought of as â€Å"unreasonable†, though said passions would immediately yield to reason when the supposition is perceived to be false (Hume 43 column 2 paragraph 2). Aquinas clarifies this thinking even further when he says an act is not called rational because it’s an act of reason, but because it (the action) can be influenced by reason (McInerny 203 paragraph 1).Unlike many other philosophers, especially the classic ones, Hume disputes the claim that morality is founded on reason. He proposes this isn’t possible since â€Å"reason is the discovery of truth or falsehood†, which is related to ideas and matters of fact (Hume 44 column 1 paragraph 1). Since passions, volitions and actions are original facts and realities which are complete in themselves, and thus cannot reference each other, â€Å"it is impossible [for them to] be either contrary or conformable to reason†.Since our actions, which can be evaluated as being morally laudable or blamable, cannot be produced or prevented by reason, moral judgments cannot be derived from reason. To determine what Hume believes morality is derived from, there is a need to define facts and values, and to see how these fit into the spectrum of his conclusion. Facts are things known and can be describ ed. However, values are subjective feelings about the facts. So there is a huge difference between what each of them refers to.Using these definitions, Hume argues that there are no facts about good/evil and right/wrong. No matter how you may examine a morally wrong action, at no time can you ever find a matter of fact which you call vice. As long as you consider the object itself, you will never find that which is called vice. It is only when you reflect within that you find a â€Å"sentiment of disapprobation, which arises in you, towards this action†. That thing which arises in you is a fact, but it is an object of feeling, not reason (Hume 44 column 1 paragraph 3).Basically, Hume is saying that there is no way to say that an action willed by someone can be called factual, since there is nothing true or false about it, but it is the way someone feels about that action within themselves that gives the action moral value. So it can be seen how Hume concludes moral right/wron g is not deducted from reason, but how one feels about things. And human nature comes equipped with the basic sentiments of sympathy or benevolence toward humankind in general, and this is what leads us in making moral judgments.Hobbes would completely disagree with Hume on his theory that morality is based in sentiment. Just looking at the title of his work tells us that he believes morality is completely based on reason. He believes that humans are inherently selfish creatures and wouldn’t be much more than the lower animals if there was no society. He reasons that humans typically have a natural right to everything, even other humans, if they discern it that thing a means of advancing their own survival.He sees humans as existing in a state of nature where there is only a â€Å"war of everyone against everyone† (Hobbes 5 column 1 paragraph 1) arising from competition, fear and vanity. He posits that in this war, the concepts of right or wrong, justice or injustice, etc. have no place (Hobbes 4 column 1 paragraph 4), and hence there is no morality. However, they need to make peace with each other in an attempt to preserve their own lives. So humans force themselves to make covenants with each other to give up their fundamental right to all things for this security.Justice is derived from these covenants, and one is said to be unjust when they fail to â€Å"perform their covenants made† (Hobbes 5 column 2 paragraph 3). But there is also no trust among humans, since there is no way to be certain that the others will adhere to their agreement, so a further step is taken to establish what is called a commonwealth, in order to provide a â€Å"coercive power† that will â€Å"compel men equally to the performance of their covenants† through the fear of punishment worse than any benefit they get by breaking the covenant.It is through this sequence of occurrences that Hobbes arrives at his natural laws which are summed as â€Å"doi ng to others, as we would be done to you† (Hobbes 6 column 2 paragraph 3) which can be seen as morality. Thus, Hobbes would say instead that morality comes from the formation of covenants and commonwealth, and not sentiment as Hume says. Works Cited Aristotle. â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics† John Arthur and Steven Scalet. Morality and Moral Controversies: Readings in Moral, Social and Political Philosophy.Hobbes, Thomas. â€Å"Leviathan: Morality as Rational Advantage. † John Arthur and Steven Scalet. Morality and Moral Controversies: Readings in Moral, Social and Political Philosophy. Hume, David. â€Å"Morality is Based on Sentiment. † John Arthur and Steven Scalet. Morality and Moral Controversies: Readings in Moral, Social and Political Philosophy. McInerny, Ralph. â€Å"Ethics. † The Cambridge Companion to Aquinas. pages 200-206.

Study Of Poetry Essays - British Poetry, Christian Mystics

Study Of Poetry Essays - British Poetry, Christian Mystics Study of Poetry An Essay Study of Poetry and A Poet's Ability to Forsee The Future The world is changing and evolving at an astounding rate. Within the last one hundred years, the Western community has seen advances in technology and medicine that has improved the lifestyles and longevity of almost every individual. Within the last two hundred years, we have seen two World Wars, and countless disputes over false borders created by colonialists, slavery, and every horrid form of human suffering imaginable! Human lifestyles and cultures are changing every minute. While our grandparents and ancestors were growing-up, do you think that they ever imagined the world we live in today? What is to come is almost inconceivable to us now. In this world, the only thing we can be sure of is that everything will change. With all of these transformations happening, it is a wonder that a great poet may write words over one hundred years ago, that are still relevant in today?s modern world. It is also remarkable that their written words can tell us more about our present, th! an they did about our past. Is it just an illusion that our world is evolving, or do these great poets have the power to see into the future? In this brief essay, I will investigate the immortal characteristics of poetry written between 1794 and 1919. And, I will show that these classical poems can actually hold more relevance today, than they did in the year they were written. Along the way, we will pay close attention to the style of the poetry, and the strength of words and symbols used to intensify the poets? revelations. The World Is Too Much with Us, written by William Wordsworth in 1807 is a warning to his generation, that they are losing sight of what is truly important in this world: nature and God. To some, they are one in the same. As if lacking appreciation for the natural gifts of God is not sin enough, we add to it the insult of pride for our rape of His land. Wordsworth makes this poetic message immortal with his powerful and emotional words. Let us study his po! werful style: The world is too much with us; late and soon, Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers: Little we see in Nature that is ours; We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon! (Lines 1 - 4) Materialism, wasteful selfishness, prostitution! These are the images that these lines bring to me! Yet, is it not more true today than in Wordsworth?s time, that we are a culture of people who simply consume and waste? The third line awakens me, and says that I have been raised with the mentality that I am not a part of nature, and that I do not identify my needs with those of nature?s needs. This mentality may have been quite true in 1807, but it is surely more true in 1996. There is absolute disregard of nature in the acts of well respected western corporations. Would someone who is in-touch with nature orchestrate the ?slash and burn? of beautiful rain forests of South America, or the life giving jungles of Africa and Asia? Would someone who is in-touch with nature dump c! hemical waste into waters that are home to billions of plants and animals? These and other abominations have surely increased in the last 189 years since this poem was written. What makes the sin even worse is the fact that men who order this destruction are well respected people in our culture. The winds that will be howling at all hours, And are up-gathered now like sleeping flowers; For this, for everything, we are out of tune; It moves us not. ? Great God! (Lines 6 - 9) Wordsworth gives life to nature in his words, and displays to us nature?s agony and pain, ?howling at all hours.? But, we listen not! For we are out of tune, and much too important to ourselves, that we may not listen to the wind, rain, land or sea. I do not know which is the greater sin: the pillage of the earth?s natural beauty, or man?s torturous inhumanity toward his fellow man. London, written in 1794, by William Blake is a poem of civilization?s decline ? and also the decline of compassion and humanit! y. I wander thro? each charter?d street, Near where the charter?d Thames does flow, And mark in every face I meet Marks of weakness, marks of woe. (Lines 1 - 4) London,

Gross Anatomy Lab Report Essays

Gross Anatomy Lab Report Essays Gross Anatomy Lab Report Paper Gross Anatomy Lab Report Paper Exercise 1: Muscles of the Head and Neck Data Table 1 Movement(s) performed by each muscle for Figures 3: Deltoid I Example: Abducts the arm I Frontally I Elevates eyebrows, draws scalp temporal Elevator Scapulae Extension of neck, Elevation and Rotation of Scapulae I Masters Elevation of mandible Vocabularies resiliences mouth, closes lips, protrudes lips Occipital I Retracts scalp, fixes gale penetration so frontally can act eyebrows. Orbicular calculi Sphincter of the eyelids, closes eyes for blinking, squinting and sleep; aids in flow of tears across eyes. Plasterboards lower lip and angle of mouth downward; aids in opening mouth widely. Supplies capitals Pillion and rotation of head, extend the head bilaterally Extraterritoriality Tilts head upward, Spirituality I Abducts the arm I Trapezium Abducts the scapulae Symptomatic Draws mouth upward and elevates upper lip Questions: A. List a muscle shown in Figures 3 and 4 that are prime movers/Zionists tort pivoting the head, The prime movers for pivoting the head are the trapeziums. B. List one prime mover/agonies for extension of the head. The prime mover/agonies for extension of the head is the sadomasochistic. C List one muscle that is the prime mover/agonies for depression of the mandible and list one muscle that is the antagonist for depression of the mandible. The one muscle that is the prime mover for the mandible is the masters. D. List one muscle that is a prime mover for smiling. The one muscle that is a prime mover for smiling is the masters. E. List one muscle that raises purr eyebrow as if you were questioning what someone said. The one muscle that raises your eyebrow is the orbicular occult. Exercise 2: Muscles of the Trunk Data Table 2 Movement(s) performed by each muscle for Figures 5 through 7. Delicatessens the arm External intercessor muscles I Elevates ribs, expands thoracic cavity I External oblique Flexing tooth trunk Infiltrations Externally rotates the arm Internal intercessor muscles I Elevates ribs, depresses and retracts the ribs, compresses thoracic cavity I Ultimatums doors I Adducts humdrum, extends shoulder I Pectorals major Adducts, flexes and extends the arm Pectorals minor Depresses the scapulae Erects abdominal (under fascia) I Flexes lumbar region of vertebral column, producing bending at the waist. : I Rhomboid major Retracts scapula, fixes scapula during arm reenactments Rhomboid minor Retracts scapula, fixes scapula during arm movements Serrated internationalization and upward rotation Of the shoulder I Serrated posterior Elevates the ribs, rotates the trunk Spiritualists Internally rotates the arm Spirituality I Adducts the arm I Trees major Flexes and rotates the arm Trapezium I Moves the Scapula and supports the arm QUESTIONS A. List one muscle shown in Figures 5 through 7 that is a prime mover/agonies for adducting the arms. The muscles that are the prime movers tort adducting the arms are the trees major and minor. B. List one shoulder muscle that abducts the arm. One shoulder muscle that abducts the arm is the deltoids. C. Which muscle is the prime mover for shoulder flexing (upper arm moving toward the ear)? The muscle that is the prime mover for shoulder flexing is the rhomboids major and minor. D. List one antagonist for shoulder flexing. One antagonist for the should flexing is the sadomasochistic. E. What are the muscles between the ribs called? What do they do? The muscles between the ribs are called Serrated Anterior. They are responsible for protecting, stabilizing and moving the scapula. Exercise 3: Muscles of the upper Body Data Table 3 Movement(s) performed by each muscle for Figures 8-10. Ancones Extends elbow Biceps brachia I Flexing of the elbow and shoulder I Brachia I Flexing tot the elbow Aphrodisiacs Hexes elbow Acrobatically Flexes and horizontally the arm I Extensor Carpi radials longs Extends and Adducts the wrists Extensor Carpi radials brevets I Extensor digitized communism Extends the wrists Flexed Carpi radials Flexing and adducts the wrists Pollex Carpi lanais Flexing and Adducts the wrists InfraspinatuslModulates deltoid, rotates humeral Palmist longs Flexing of the Mist I Pronto trees Flexes elbow Trees minor Rotates hummers laterally Triceps brainlessness elbow, extends and adducts hummers A. List three agonies muscles that flex the elbow. Three agonies muscles that flex the elbow are the brachia, aphrodisiacs, and Pronto trees. B. List one antagonist for elbow flexing. An antagonist for elbow flexing is the triceps brachia. C. List two muscles that flex the wrist and allow a human to make a fist, Two muscles that flex the wrist and allow a human to make a fist are the Flexed Carpi Aralias and Flexed Carpi Lanais. D. List two muscles that allow extension of the purist and flaring of the fingers. Two muscles that allow extension of the wrist and flaring of the fingers are the extensor digit minim and extensor Carpi lanais_ E. List one muscle that allows suppuration of the hand and one muscle that allows probation of the hand. A muscle that allows suppuration of the hand is the suppuration muscle and one muscle that allows probation Of the hand is the pronto trees- Exercise 4: Muscles of the O. re Body Data Table 4 Movement(s) performed by each muscle for Figures 11-12. Adductor longs Adducts and flexes the hip Biceps femoral I Extension at the hip, flexing at the kneel Gastroenteritis Flexing of the kneel Glutens maximums Extension, External rotation, Adduction at this hip Glutens modularization and External Rotation at the hip. Glutens minimums Adduction and Internal Rotation at the hip, Grails Hexes and medially rotates tibia at kneel pestilence Hexes and adducts thigh I Promises Laterally rotates extended thigh, adducts flexed thigh Soak major Hexes thigh at hip, flexes trunk at hip Soak minor Flexes thigh at hip, flexes trunk at hip Quadrates femoral Laterally rotates thigh Quadrates lumbar Flexes the trunk Erects femoral Flexing of the hip and Extension of the kneel Sertorius I Pillion, External rotation and adduction at the hip Contemporaneous Extension of the Hip, Pillion of the kneel Sententiously Extension and internal rotation of the hip Coleus I Plantar flexes foot Tensor fascia late Extends knee, rotates tibia, abducts femur I Tibias anterior Directories and inverts foot Vistas laterals I Extension of the kneel Vistas medially Extension Of the kneel A. List one muscle that performed extension of the hip, The muscle that performed extension of the hip is the erects femoral. . Which muscle extends the knee and flexes the thigh? The muscle that extends the knee and flexes the thigh is the gastroenteritis, C. List one muscle that dormitories the toot. The muscle that directories the foot is the tibias anterior. D. Which three muscles extend the thigh and flex the knee? The three muscles that extend the thigh and flex the knee are the Erects femoral, status laterals and status medially. E. List three muscles that abduct the leg. Three muscles that abduct the leg are the glutens maximum, glutens minimums and the glutens mediums. Overview: Prepare tables similar to Data Tables 5 and 6 below to record your observations. Label F-usuries 13 and 14 in Data Tables 5 and 6. Figure 13 Anterior muscles of the human body Number Muscle I I Deltoid 21 Ultimatums Doors I 31 Pectorals Major 41 Biceps brachia 51 Brachia I 51 Aphrodisiacs I 71 Erects abdominal 81 Pronto trees gal. External oblique III Quadrates lumbar II I Adductor longs 121 Erects femoral 131 Tibias anterior Figure 14 Posterior muscles of the human body 1 Extraterritorialitys 21 trapezium 31 Rhomboids Major 41 Deltoid I 51 trees minor 61 triceps I 71 fellers of the hand 1 external oblique 91 glutens maximums Icily Biceps femoral 11 Semi tendentious 121 abductor magnums penitentiaries 14 stratospheric I Exercise 5: Identification and Dissection of Cat Muscles Match the muscles on the left with its function or description on the right C 1. Pectorals Major A. Extends the leg _ D _ 2. Aphrodisiacs B. Flexes the foot _l_ 3. Myeloid C. Adducts the arm -_A_ 4, Vistas Laterals D. Supplicates the hand H 5. Coleus E.

Cmo tramitar excelente visa TN para mexicanos

Cmo tramitar excelente visa TN para mexicanos La tramitacià ³n de la visa TN para profesionales mexicanos para trabajar en Estados Unidos, al amparo del Tratado de Libre Comercio (NAFTA) es una gran oportunidad para obtener una visa de trabajo. Esta visa TN solo aplica a nacionales mexicanos y canadienses, si bien la tramitacià ³n es ms asequible y fcil para estos à ºltimos. Y eso es asà ­ porque los mexicanos deben seguir ms pasos y su cuota por aplicar por la visa es ms cara que la que deben abonar los canadienses.  ¿Pueden aplicar todos los mexicanos por una visa TN para trabajar en Estados Unidos? La respuesta es un rotundo no.  Esta visa TN es una opcià ³n muy buena pero para calificar para  solicitarla es imprescindible cumplir con los siguientes requisitos: En primer lugar, estar en situacià ³n de acreditar que se es un profesionalista incluido en una de  estas 60 profesiones listadas en el TLC .En otras palabras, si no se trabaja en una de esas actividades, esta visa no es la correcta y si se solicita ser denegada. En segundo lugar, es imprescindible tener una oferta laboral de una empresa de los Estados Unidos. Es decir, primero viene la oferta seria y en firme y luego se solicita la visa la visa TN. Este punto tambià ©n quiere decir que no es posible el auto empleo. Es decir, no se puede solicitar la visa con la intencià ³n de trabajar como freelance en Estados Unidos para una o varias empresas o con la de crear una empresa. Los mexicanos que no cumplen con esos requisitos y que desean trabajar en Estados Unidos deberà ­an informarse si pueden aplicar por otras opciones de visa, como la H-1B para profesionales, la O para personas con habilidades extraordinarias, la L para los casos de transfer entre empresas internacionales, las J-1 de intercambio o las H-2A y H-2B para trabajos temporales agrà ­colas y en otros rubros. Cà ³mo tramitar la visa TN para mexicanos Una vez que se tiene la oferta de trabajo por parte de una empresa en Estados Unidos, el primer paso en completar la forma DS-160 en internet, pagar los aranceles correspondientes,  y solicitar una cita en una oficina consular o en la Embajada para la entrevista.   Para presentarse en la misma hay que llevar, entre otros documentos, la siguiente documentacià ³n: En primer lugar, el pasaporte mexicano vlido por al menos seis meses ms all del fin de la estancia prevista en Estados Unidos. En segundo lugar, la  carta de empleo en la que se detalla que la posicià ³n ofertada necesita ser cubierta por una persona que cumple los requisitos seà ±alados en NAFTA. Adems, deber incluir informacià ³n detallada sobre la actividad profesional a realizar en EEUU, la duracià ³n prevista del contrato, cul serà ­a la compensacià ³n econà ³mica, evidencia de que se cumple con los requisitos fijados por el Departamento de Seguridad Interna (DHS, siglas en inglà ©s) y el estado en el que se va a ir a trabajar. La carta no necesita ir acompaà ±ada por prueba de que el solicitante tiene las licencias profesionales necesarias para trabajar en EEUU para ciertos tipos de empleos, ya que tales certificaciones se pueden conseguir a posteriori. Sin embargo, es altamente recomendable que si ya se cuenta con ellas, presentarlas en ese momento. Esta carta es una parte fundamental para que se conceda la visa, por lo que es muy frecuente recurrir a un abogado con conocimientos sobre estas visas para que se ocupe de su redaccià ³n. Finalmente, se debe aportar prueba que demuestre  que se cumplen con los requisitos de estudios o de experiencia laboral que pide NAFTA para este tipo de visas. Este es un requisito importante ya que el oficial consular quiere asegurarse de que los estudios completados en un paà ­s que no es Estados Unidos reà ºnen los requisitos de calidad que se piden para la visa TN, por los que ser necesario validarlos en una agencia reputada. La visa ser denegada si no se cumplen las condiciones que se pide para la visa o si el solicitante es considerado como inelegible para una visa no inmigrante, como es à ©sta, o si es inadmisible para ingresar a los Estados unidos. Familiares del solicitante de una visa TN El cà ³nyuge (marido o mujer) y los hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os pueden solicitar una visa derivada para acompaà ±ar al titular de un visado TN a Estados Unidos. No es necesario que los familiares sean de nacionalidad mexicana. Y hay que tener en cuenta que aunque pueden vivir y estudiar en Estados Unidos no estn autorizados para trabajar. Tiempo de duracià ³n de una visa TN para mexicanos En principio las visas son vlidas por un mximo de tres aà ±os, pero esto lo hay que entender.  Es decir, hay que mirar el tiempo mximo que concede el oficial migratorio en el puerto de entrada y seguir cumpliendo todos los requisitos que dieron lugar a que se aprobara la visa. Adems, se puede pedir una extensià ³n de dos formas: que el empleador americano la solicite al USCIS rellenando el formulario I-129   o que el propio titular la solicite en un puerto de entrada cumplimentando esa misma forma y proporcionando la misma documentacià ³n que tuvo que mostrar en el consulado la primera vez que solicità ³ la visa y le fue concedida. En el caso de familiares con visa derivada como es el caso del cà ³nyuge o de los hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os, la extensià ³n se pide con el formulario I-539 si estn en los Estados Unidos o aplicando de nuevo en un consulado, si estn fuera. Visas TN y enfermeras Estados Unidos tiene un dà ©ficit de profesionales sanitarios y, en particular, de enfermeras. Por ello, son frecuentes los contratos a profesionales extranjeros. De hecho, hay  agencias que se dedican a reclutar enfermeras, muchas de ellas mexicanas a travà ©s de la visa TN.   Lo importante es asegurarse de que se trata de una agencia reputada y evitar ser và ­ctima de un caso de fraude.

The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) is an important part of the Essay - 1

The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) is an important part of the English criminal trial process. Critically evaluate the role of the CPS ensuring you include any areas of criticism and calls for reform - Essay Example Although the contemporaries thought that the procedures of trial may offer reasonable means for determining guilt and innocence; in the modern point of view they were not very advantageous for the defense side. Continuous transformation was evident in the trial procedures in statute, judicial discretion and rulings. During the early 19th century the transformation process took a great pace. The credit goes to Robert Peel who initiated the flurry of activities when he became the Secretary of Home Affairs in 1822. One of his significant contributions to the justice system was consolidation and simplification of statute law along with consolidation of procedures for selecting the jurymen. Robert Peel also extended the provision of expenses for witnesses and prosecutors and also gave power to the magistrates for granting bail to the accused. The reforms made by him were also continued by the Whig government that came and pass the Great Reform Act. The most notable thing among Whig’s legal reforms was Prisoners’ Counsel Act in 1836. The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) can be explained as the principal public prosecuting authority in England and Wales. It is accountable and responsible for conducting the vast majority of prosecutions that are related to criminal offences within the jurisdiction. It is a non-ministerial department or body of the United Kingdom government that is headed by the Director of Public Prosecution or DPP2. This non-ministerial depart was formed in 1986 and the headquarters of the body is located in London, England. The main responsibilities of CPS include, but are not limited to, providing necessary legal advice to the enforcement officers, police and other investigative agencies during the course of criminal investigations, to decide upon the whether the suspect should face criminal charges following the investigation and also

IT Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

IT Security - Essay Example A sneak peek into the operations of the CBC Corporation provides that the company has over one thousand employees who are on full time employment. As such, the company admits 1000 persons into the company on a daily basis that can be a source of threat to the operations of the company, especially on its IT security systems. In addition, the company also has a vast array of Information Systems, which include about 600 UNIX workstations, 600 terminal emulators, 1000 PCs running Windows, 300 external client dial-in systems, as well as 100 hundred authorised at-home dial-in systems. Of the 1000 members of staff, 160 of them are full-time staff members of the Information technology department. This consists of about 16% of the company’s total workforce team. As such, it so appears that the company has to protect its assets, as well as sensitive information from theft of all kinds, be it leakage, internal operators of the company, as well as external perpetrators keen on acquiring illegally the company’s assets and information. Therefore, the work cut out for ESS is to evaluate the state of security at the company and suggest possible solutions to the arising threats. The company may end up losing its assets as well as critical information to thieves, or leaking out confidential information to the wrong hands because of its poor security network. An overview of the company’s security system provides that it is tantamount to a number of threats, both external as well as internal owing to the inappropriate security measures put in place by the management of the company. The following provides some of the most important threats that the company needs to attend to immediately. It also categorizes the physical assets that the company needs to put security for against thieves. The main assets of the company include 600 UNIX workstations, 600 terminal emulators, 1000 PCs running Windows, 300 external client dial-in systems, as well as 100

Assignment 006 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

006 - Assignment Example In addition, famers toil hard from the soil to earn a genuine return (Madison, p.2) 3. Jefferson says tobacco farming produces â€Å"infinite wretchedness.† Why? Jefferson said this because tobacco farming requires very fertile land, high temperatures and high cost of in-puts which most famers may not afford. In addition, tobacco prices in the market are extremely low as compared to its cost of production and hence, leaving the famers at condition of â€Å"infinite wretchedness† (Madison, p.3). 4. How does wheat cultivation create â€Å"happiness†? Wheat farming does not require higher cost of input as compared to tobacco. In additions, it does not require very fertile soil and high temperatures as tobacco. Additionally, it provides famers with higher returns and abundance of food supply (Madison, pp.4-5). 5. What, for Madison, is the relationship between agriculture and civilization? According to Madison there is a strong correlation between agriculture and civi lization. For example, in civilized nations like Japan and China, agriculture tends to prevail better inured to promote civilized life unlike in uncivilized nations. Whereby, in a civilized society the supply of food tends to increase spontaneously beyond the natural limits (Madison, pp.4-5). 6. ... 7. What benefits to â€Å"savage† people seem to enjoy as a result of their â€Å"savage† life? Savage people tend to discover better things in life after going through savage life. In addition, they are able to learn better ways of doing things as well as ways of overcoming challenges in their lives (Madison, pp.4-7). 8. Once a society becomes agricultural, what force or forces make it continue that way? Some of the forces include; an increase in population as the number of mouths for feeding increases, decrease in supply of nature, acquisition of property among the members of population among other forces. 9. What, for Madison, limits the growth of plant and animal populations? Are humans different? According to Madison, lack of land productivity may limits plants and animal growth. In addition, humans are not different because they are part of that population. 10. In Madison’s estimate, how much greater could human population become if every spot on earth were cultivated? There will be approximate more than a hundred individuals in each and every spot and this could bring great epidemic. 11. What mistakes do American farmers make in managing their soil? Among the mistakes make in managing soil include: -Poor cultivation of the land. - Poor mode of ploughing of the land has made the fertile soil to be carried away by rains. -Failure to apply manure - Poor irrigation methods -utilization of oxen instead of horses -keeping of too many cattle tend to destroy the soil - cutting down of trees for timber and wood especially in rural areas. 12. Why do American farmers manage their soils so poorly? This is because; most famers may not afford the best methods, tools and

Report1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report1 - Essay Example Even though 85% of the group is not of legal age and probably do not have a stable source of income, they continue to be of great influence to those who finance them into buying skatingboarding products. According to Chris Simpson, a return customer on Freebord.com, all the purchases of Freebord (our brand name) and other skatingboarding products have been financed by his parents. Chatting from our online platform, Chris admits that his parents have their worries on how safe skateboarding is. To cater for such worries, we also sell high quality protective gear such as helmets, elbow pads, wrist guards and knee pads. We also have a body armor kit which involves all the latter three protective gears sold as a bundle and at a discount. This keeps our customers safe and thus making us have high rates on return customers. The quality of our skateboards and other accompanying accessories is the greatest motivation for those who demand our products. Quality and safety are the key demand dri vers for our product here in USA. Turkey is our future market for our Freebord product. Generally, Turkey has had good business relations with the USA. Turkey has USA as one of its leading import source after the EU. In Turkey, wealth and status are the major determinants of social status. The basic categories of class are; the rural population, the large rural landowner class, the urban lower class, the urban middle class and the wealthy urban educated class. Social organization includes the online community which has further segments of subdivisions according to interests. Twitter, Facebook are the popular social sites from which groups with young people are further categorized (Ergener 40-43). Social clubs and groups in which our business is likely to benefit from are those involving students in middle school, high school and universities. An online group by the

Fabrication in architectural design process Thesis Proposal

Fabrication in architectural design process - Thesis Proposal Example If a 3d printing or other fabrication method is employed, then there is the need to convert into a particular file for the sake of digital models. Digital fabrication tools are very essential in architecture because of attainable mitigation of the building costs. Free form shaped design in the design stage for countless unique components need some rationalization of the structural constituents so that they are materialized into buildings. In post-rationalization period, the structural system has been assigned to the already polished designs that at times need compromising final form of design (Laseau, P, 1980). The egg shaped form had to be reshaped with the use of Planar Quadrilateral Strips for it to meet the criteria for fabrication. While the relationship between design objects and the fabrication parameters has been explored previously, their independent was quite limited to integration of manufacturing constraints into developing a form, as it is the case of co-rationalized and pre-rationalization design approaches. In consideration of the application of a particular digital fabrication method, this paper proposes a research to be conducted to investigate the design-fabrication relation, approaching it from a different angle. This is in an attempt to respond to the question inquiring how the manufacturing parameters are integrated in the design process in facilitating the design-to-production communications. Design rationalization parameters, in this respect, are the driving force of any design in a generative procedure having imbedded fabrication. Digitally driven Architectures has significantly influenced the modernist architecture, as well as contemporary architecture (Malcolm, M, William, J, & Patrick, P, 1990). The influence of digital media, as well as Information Technology on the architectural education

Report1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report1 - Essay Example Even though 85% of the group is not of legal age and probably do not have a stable source of income, they continue to be of great influence to those who finance them into buying skatingboarding products. According to Chris Simpson, a return customer on Freebord.com, all the purchases of Freebord (our brand name) and other skatingboarding products have been financed by his parents. Chatting from our online platform, Chris admits that his parents have their worries on how safe skateboarding is. To cater for such worries, we also sell high quality protective gear such as helmets, elbow pads, wrist guards and knee pads. We also have a body armor kit which involves all the latter three protective gears sold as a bundle and at a discount. This keeps our customers safe and thus making us have high rates on return customers. The quality of our skateboards and other accompanying accessories is the greatest motivation for those who demand our products. Quality and safety are the key demand dri vers for our product here in USA. Turkey is our future market for our Freebord product. Generally, Turkey has had good business relations with the USA. Turkey has USA as one of its leading import source after the EU. In Turkey, wealth and status are the major determinants of social status. The basic categories of class are; the rural population, the large rural landowner class, the urban lower class, the urban middle class and the wealthy urban educated class. Social organization includes the online community which has further segments of subdivisions according to interests. Twitter, Facebook are the popular social sites from which groups with young people are further categorized (Ergener 40-43). Social clubs and groups in which our business is likely to benefit from are those involving students in middle school, high school and universities. An online group by the

Territorial Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Territorial Expansion - Essay Example The independent state of Texas had planned its fate from a long time that it would be annexed with the US, despite Mexican’s continual threads to stop this political thinking by the use of force. Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. In 1937, an early time in the US history, White House made attempts to annex Taxis within the US domain. As soon as this news gained some momentum, rationalist groups started to protest against it. Down with strong frustrated resistance to adding slave states as a part of the United States. In a matter of time the socialist and political thinking went in the favor of Texas as soon as James Polk won the elections of 1844 in Texas. And finally, on Dec 29, 1845 Texas was annexed as a part of US territory. The growing conflicts between the US and Mexico led to a war between the two. There was no way for Mexico win over the US, and it lost wretchedly. Once the US occupied Texas, they opened it for the US civilians. What were t he short-term consequences of the acquisition of this particular territory? The immediate consequence of annexation of Texas was that as soon as Texas gained the authority of a state, Mexico cancelled all the diplomatic relationships with the US. The United States always claimed that the border of Texas was stretched all the way from Rio de Genera’ do, quoting the 1836 Treaties of Velasco. ... The primary battles of the combat were fought in Texas in which US was victorious. After these crucial victories, the United States marched into Mexican territory, finishing the clash in Texas. After the annexation, Stephen Austin took control and under his commands the Texas community flourished. He insisted the American immigrants to abide the law. In a short time of a decade, Texas population increased by 1500 inhabitants. Some of the immigrants were traitors, with a variety of legal complexity. It was not astonishing that the Mexican administration ultimately came to believe the Texans’, as they were named at the time, â€Å"a crowd of infamous crooks,† even though the majority was well-mannered natives. Texas was incredibly of a safe haven for the US citizens who had motive to leave house. One of the initially hard tasks for the Texans’ was that they lacked resources. But still they were always willing to fight with Mexico. Following a few concise combats, M exican ruler Santa Anna individually led a militia of several thousand fine skilled troops into Texas to put down the revolution. The Texas armed forces, which never figured further than 800, had slight experience in war. Therefore, they experienced an intimidating task. The analysis at that time of some 300 Texans’ employees, set as capitalists, executives, laborers, and wide-ranging service workers, disclose that the consequential work strength included, Americans, Europeans, and Indians. This combination went unsuccessful to even out this isolated area, which was deficient in formal, communal, political, and financial association. Texas rustlers caused anarchy. Deprived supervision ended in overstocking, and lack of care commenced critical diseases. But these

Agriculture and the Nitrogen Cycle Essay Example for Free

Agriculture and the Nitrogen Cycle Essay Agriculture is an important industry that provides food for human consumption. The decrease of land available for agriculture coupled with the increase of human population has required that agricultural lands increase their output. This was achieved through the use of improved crop varieties, more productive livestock, better weed and pest control and the increased use of fertilizers, specifically nitrogen fertilizers which has linearly increased to 1. 2 Mt in the 1980s. However, farming also affects the environment. Increases in phosphorus and nitrate contents of water lead to increased biological activity and large concentrations of nitrate in drinking water create health hazards. J. K. R. Gasser studied the nitrogen cycles in agriculture and reported the results in his article â€Å"Agricultural Productivity and the Nitrogen Cycle. † Gasser (1982) explained that nitrogen is emitted from the soil or from animal effluents as ammonia, nitrous oxide or N2. Considerable amounts of nitrogen are also recycled directly as animal urine and feces. The preceding crops in agricultural lands also affect the amount of nitrogen released for the current crops. However, Gasser (1982) explained that no arable system provides enough nitrogen for the maximum production of crops such that additional nitrogen must be added in the form of fertilizers. Gasser (1982) reported that there is no evidence supporting that the increased use of nitrogen fertilizer also increases the total amount of nitrogen in soil-plant system. He stated that little of the nitrogen in circulation â€Å"will appear directly in the atmosphere or groundwaters, most will leave the agricultural system after one or more changes or subsidiary cycles† (Gasser, 1982, 313). Gasser (1982) concluded that the losses from the system must be at least as large as the known inputs. He persuaded to quantify the movement of nitrogen, the understanding of which would allow the losses from agricultural system to be minimized improving the utilization of nitrogen in farming and reducing its effects on the atmosphere and water. Reference Gasser, J. K. R. (1982). Agricultural productivity and the nitrogen cycle. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (Biological Science) vol. 296, no. 1082, 303-314.

Analysis of Juliana Barrs Theory on Indian Communities

Analysis of Juliana Barrs Theory on Indian Communities Juliana Barr. Peace Came in the Form of a Woman: Indians and Spaniards in the Texas Borderlands. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press). 2007. ix + 397 pp. $24.00 paperback. Juliana Barr focuses on the Texas borderlands and the Caddos, Apaches, Payayas, Karankawas, Wichitas, and Comanches. Her research demonstrates how these bands retained control over their homelands and how they left the French and Spaniards no choice but to culturally adapt to indigenous practices. Barr argues that these encounters were molded by the kin-based systems of the Indian communities, their traditional diplomatic practices and rituals, and the social structures that deferred to matrilineal households. She contends that the Texas borderland experience was vastly different than Indian-European interactions in New Mexico and Arizona, where the Spaniards were able to subordinate and control the native peoples, often forcing them into labor and converting them to Catholicism. In Texas, the indigenous peoples did not allow themselves to become victims of the Spaniards. The tables were turned and the Texas Indians controlled the interactions. Unlike Richard Whites Indians of the Gr eat Lakes region, there was no middle ground. Europeans had to abide by to the native practices of diplomacy. She describes a world in which Indians dictated the terms of conduct, diplomacy, alliance, and enmity in their interactions with the Spaniards. (7-8) When Europeans first encountered the Caddos in 1686, they were impressed by the native villages. Their cabins were forty to fifty feet high and one Spaniard remarked, that the Caddo villages had nothing barbarous but the name. (21) The Caddos were receptive to the Europeans because they decided they could be valuable allies because of the guns and horses the Europeans came to trade. Alliances between the indigenous people and the Europeans was constantly influenced the Indians traditions. They developed elaborate public welcoming rituals conducted by the male hierarchy. The Caddos used the same methods of diplomacy as they did when they did business with other bands. The French culture was similar to that of the Caddos, and they shared Caddo values without expecting the Caddos to adopt French doctrine. The French allowed them to continue their sovereignty and recognized the elevated status of women in Caddo culture. The French were open to become integrated into the Caddo matrilineal system in order to trade their goods with the Indians. The same cannot be said of the Spaniards. They did not understand native culture and traditions centered on matrilineal kinship and immediately tried to change it. Spanish soldiers and missionaries tried to force their dogma on the Texas Indians. The situation was further complicated by the lack of Spanish women. The Indians placed much value on women and considered them to be vital to survival of their culture. The presence of women was considered to be a sign of peaceful intentions and a commitment by the Spanish to peace and stable relationships. Because the Spanish had no women and children with them, the natives considered this to be an indication that the Spaniards were in Texas as aggressors. At first, the Caddos believed the Spaniards images of the Virgin Mary was meant as a signal of their appreciation of the value of females, but they were soon disillusioned. Spaniards did not understand that in these native cultures, gender structured social and political relationships. Women played important central roles in hospitality rituals, and fictive kin relationships were vital to creating truces. The Spanish soldiers frequently abused and mistreated women. Their missionaries attempted to convert Indian women and mistook their openness to be a sign of promiscuity that needed to be rectified. The Indian communities came under pressure from the Spanish missionaries to abandon their deviant ideas about gender and alter basic fundamentals of their societies. In response to this pressure and the mistreatment of native women by the Spaniards which violated cultural and political protocols, in 1693 the Caddos drove the Spaniards out of their territory and into central Texas. Apache women played a significant diplomatic role because they were associated with peace and were allowed to move freely throughout the territory and across social and political boundaries as mediators and emissaries. (13) Barr demonstrates how the diplomatic overtures begun by Apache women ended with the meeting of Spanish and Apache women to hammer out a truce. (174) Political use of female captives were often brokers of peace. In response to Apache horse raids, the Spaniards began taking Apache women and children as prisoners of war or as slaves and refused to return them to their families. These captives were then used them as bartering tools. This created increased tensions with the kin-based native peoples. In addition to their role in diplomatic relations, women were also vital to strengthening alliances between the Indian groups and the Europeans. In the early years, Apache women were captured by Caddo men and purchased by the French. Eventually, the Apaches and Spaniards reached a military alliance in mutual defense against attacks by Comanches, Wichitas, and Caddos, but only after the Spaniards recognized the value of women in regards to diplomacy. As a show of their peaceful intentions, the Spaniards freed their Apache female slaves. In good faith, the Apache sent women to Spanish presidios to convey their reciprocity towards peace. The Apache women and children who were prisoners of the Spaniards learned Spanish and served as negotiators and translators. Women and children were traded back and forth between the Indians and Europeans. They also served as symbols of peace. According to Barr, Native American constructions of social order and of political and economic relationships-defined by general terms of kinship-were at the crux of Spanish-Indian politics. (2) According to Barr, these raids placed women at the very center of violence and diplomacy. (164) As the Spaniards finally came to understand the importance of women in the Indian communities, they were allowed to mingle and intermarry with the Indians. As a result, Spaniards were able to achieve some political power and the natives attained economic gain. Barr points out that native women not only served as negotiators in diplomacy, but they also were full contributors to Texas history. Although men of the different warring groups established truces, but customary practices involving women proved crucial to maintaining the peace agreements that followed. (246) Barrs research is important to Plains Indian and Texas historiography because she demonstrates how the Texas Indians controlled the rules of engagement between the indigenous peoples and the Europeans. The author distinguishes three phases of Spanish-native interactions which fall under the categories of trade, mission, and settlement. She contends that the natives were demographically superior to the Europeans. The author also postulates that gender was the foundation on which the native kinship systems in the Texas borderlands operated. She contends that these Spanish-Indian relationships were not based on hierarchies of race and class, but instead relied on gender. According to Barr, gender was the basis of power of the Caddos, Apaches, Karankawas, Wichitas, and Comanches. This allowed these native groups to negotiate with Europeans through gendered standards and practices in political economies of gift giving and hospitality, alliances instituted in joint family settlements, hono rs and dishonors inherent in violence and war, exchanges of women through intermarriage, captivity and hostage taking, and political relationships conceived through fictive and real kinship. (289) Barrs main argument is that the potential for success or failure of Europeans to forge associations with the various native groups depended on the Europeans capability to understand and accommodate gendered kinship practices. She also maintains that the various Indian groups had no concept of state; therefore, their political organizations were based on age and gender. She contends that in cross-cultural encounters, gender was performative, meaning not what people are, but what people do through distinctive postures, gestures, clothing, ornamentation, and occupations. (11) Thus, gender serves as a form of nonverbal communication in situations where there is no common language. To substantiate her arguments, Barr has recreated the social structures of the different Indian groups and uses them to analyze the accounts of the encounters. Because there were no original native sources, Barr relied heavily on Spanish sources. As a result she has had to make some conjectures to understand Indian perspectives on power and peace. Barr uses a variety of primary and secondary sources. She has included maps and illustrations to help the reader understand the ever-changing alliances and interactions. Barr invites her readers to stand metaphorically in Indian country and to contemplate Spanish colonialism in eighteenth century Texas from the perspective of the Texas Indians. (295) Her book is a study of interethnic relations which encourages historians to explore the perspective of gendered practices of peace. Juliana Barr has been an associate professor at the Duke University since 2015. Dr. Barr previously was associated with Rutgers University and the University of Florida-Gainesville. She specializes in early American history, the Spanish borderlands, American Indians, and women and gender.

The Selfishness Of Man in Steinbecks Grapes of Wrath Essay -- essays

The Selfishness of Man Cultural and economical pressures often lead people to behave corruptly. In John Steinbeck?s novel, The Grapes of Wrath, set in the dustbowl era, people act out of greed rather than out of consideration or kindness. Tom Joad and his family have been run off their land by inconsiderate, money hungry businessmen who do not care about the impact homelessness will have on the evictees. The story revolves around the Joad Family?s trip (joined by former preacher Casey) from Oklahoma to California, along route 66, where they expect to find work. Though Casey and the Joads are goodhearted and honest people, they are the victims of dishonesty and dupery when they realize that the jobs they have come so far to acquire pay them much less than they were originally promised. The book focuses on the family?s struggle to survive, while exhibiting the evil and manipulative power which the tenant owners and businessmen of the era possessed. Throughout the novel, Steinbeck demonstrates the impacts and consequences of man's selfishness and inhumanity by exemplifying the wicked and egotistical actions of the tenant owners and businessmen. In the beginning of the novel, before Casey and the Joads set out on their journey, the selfishness and inhumanity of the businessmen and tenant owners becomes apparent. In one of the ?plotless? chapters, the reader is exposed to the hardships which the farmers are forced to face while being evicted from their land. Businessmen, sent from the bank, would come to the farmers land in cars and explain to the farmers that they need to get off their land. They would tell the farmers that unfortunately, with the technological advances being made, a tractor can do the work of twelve families- h... ... rendering the much needed food useless. The inconsiderate actions displayed by the businessmen and orchard owners show their selfishness and inhumanity, and exemplify their carelessness and indifference towards suffering humans. Steinbeck portrays the wealthy men of the era as heartless and egotistical people who only care for themselves. His message through the portrayal of these wicked men is one of simplicity, egotism, greed, selfishness, and heartlessness are all traits which a man shouldn?t possess. The themes which run throughout the novel are as valuable today as they were in the mid 1900?s, and Steinbeck urges his reader to recognize that. His depiction of the selfishness of man serves to teach about human nature, and by acknowledging the harmfulness of the greedy and corrupt businessmen, one can learn how to act morally and ethnically responsible.

Clarkson Lumber Case Study

CLARKSON LUMBER CASE STUDY B RADY CLIFFORD †¢ DAN HORTON †¢ EMIL HYMAS Y †¢ RICH WILKINSON EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Clarkson Lumber Company, owned by Mr. Keith Clarkson, has been in business for 15 years and currently has 15 employees. Firms who have worked with Clarkson speak very highly of him, saying that he is conservative and his operating expenses are low. The company’s revenues are projected to continue to grow. Recently, Clarkson Lumber’s accounts payable and notes payable have increased significantly.The company has not been able to take advantage of trade discounts in recent years because of lack of funds and because of investments due to the company’s growth. While Clarkson Lumber has been increasingly profitable in recent years, the company has found the need for additional financing. Clarkson’s current bank will not provide more than $399,000 in financing without a personal guarantee. Clarkson is hoping to secure more financing in orde r to improve profitability by taking full advantage of trade discounts. The company is working with Northrup National Bank to possibly secure a larger loan; up to $750,000.Northrup’s credit department is currently investigating Clarkson Lumber to see if the firm qualifies for this additional financing. Our team has identified several key issues with Clarkson Lumber’s current financial situation. The company’s over-arching financial issue is cash flow. Clarkson is borrowing too much to make up for a cash flow shortage. Clarkson’s accounts receivable is increasing and the company is still using a 2% accounts payable discount, which is contributing to the lack of available cash. The cash flow that the company does have is being used inefficiently as the sources of cash comes from financing.Thus, Clarkson Lumber is growing at an unsustainable rate and is too reliant on short-term financing. Even if Clarkson receives the $750,000 from Northrup, the company wil l eventually be bankrupt if it does not curtail its growth rate. We recommend that the company utilize more long-term debt instead of short-term debt. Long-term financing will require smaller payments at lower interest rates, which will increase CLARKSON LUMBER CASE STUDY – FINAN 6022-002 †¢ PAGE 1 Clarkson’s cash flow. Clarkson may benefit from reducing inventory by increasing sales or reducing inventory growth.Another option would be to lower costs by negotiating cheaper prices with suppliers. Both options will increase the company’s cash flow. Finally, we recommend increasing accounts receivable turnover. With an increase in account receivable turnover, Clarkson will experience quicker collections and will not have to pay as much in finance charges, again leading to additional cash flow. ANALYSIS The approval process for the loan from Northrup National Bank, required that investigators be sent to research Mr. Clarkson and his company. The investigation p ointed out a few important financial aspects of the company that are worth mentioning.In 1994, Mr. Clarkson bought out the other company partner for $200,000. This amount was to be paid off in 1995 and 1996 using semi-annual payments at an interest rate of 11%. From 1993 to 1995, net sales volume for CLC has increased from 2. 9 million to just over 4. 5 million. After yield profits for the same years also increase from $60,000 in 1993 to $77,000 in 1995 (see Exhibit 1). The investigation also paid special attention the debt position and current ratio of CLC. It was reported that sales are expected to reach $5. 5 million in 1996 and could be more if the prices of lumber rise.Despite these profits, there was a shortage in cash which lead to an increase in borrowing. In order to stay within the borrowing limits set by Suburban Nation Bank, a lot of borrowing was being done through trade credits. In 1995 and 1996 this trade debt was rapidly increasing and was creating some concern. If t he market is struggling then trade credit is normally not recommended; however, for CLC the trade credit was a short fix for long term problem. Even with the growing trade debt, CLC still was comparable to the overall percentages of other lumber outlets (see Exhibit 3).It is also important to recognize specific ratios related to the company. The current ratio, which is helpful in understanding asset liquidity or inefficient use of cash flow, decreased from 2. 5 in 1993 to 1. 1 in 1995. High-profit companies have a current CLARKSON LUMBER CASE STUDY – FINAN 6022-002 †¢ PAGE 2 ratio of 2. 52. ROE for Clarkson Lumber remains relatively steady; it increased from 1993 to 1994 but decreased to 17. 1% in 1995. This ROE is only slightly lower than the ROE for high-profit companies which is at 22. 1%. After reviewing Clarkson Lumber’s financial situation, several key issues became apparent.First, the company is clearly growing at an unsustainable rate. Exhibit 3 (various s tatistical ratios), shows the average internal growth rate of the company at 6. 06% and the average sustainable growth rate at 15. 78%. However, over the three full years analyzed, the company has an average growth margin of 24. 5% and an average asset growth margin of 33. 69%. This continues in the forecasted 1996 year as the company is projected to increase revenue by roughly 21. 7%. At the company’s current level, it cannot continue to support its current growth rate going forward and will require more debt to finance this growth.Therefore, the company seems to be overly reliant on short term financing for its operations. As seen in Exhibit 5, the company projects to have $5. 5M, with most other accounts are based on the historical averages. Exhibit 5 also shows that Clarkson would need between $971K or $696K of external financing. Another issue found dealt with the company’s cash flow (see Exhibit 4). When the company generates net income, it is immediately engulfe d in two areas: the increase in accounts receivable, which increased from $306K to $411K to $606K from 1993 to 1995, and inventory, which also increased from $337K to $432K to $587K during those years.Due to these increases, and despite rising the liability accounts of notes payable from trade and accrued expenses, the company had negative cash flow from operations and needed external financing to purchase its fixed assets and pay down the debt they already had (again see Exhibit 4). Although having negative cash flows from operations is not necessarily bad in the short run, if this trend continues, it provides no long term benefit for the company. Thus, we found that the company cannot continue to allow its accounts receivable and inventory to increase at the same rate.CLARKSON LUMBER CASE STUDY – FINAN 6022-002 †¢ PAGE 3 The final issue we noticed was the accounts payable 2% discount. Clarkson was offered a discount if it pays off its payables to its suppliers within t en days. Even though there is value here, Mr. Clarkson said the company has taken few purchase discounts in recent years. Exhibit 3 attests to this as the company pays its suppliers on an average of 38 days. If the company used this discount on its financial projections, it would receive a purchase discount of $86K to add to its operating income.However, the trade-off is that Clarkson will have a significantly lower amount in accounts payable and will need financing to pay down these payables in order to obtain the discounts. If the company does not proceed with the discount, it will experience significantly lower net income, but will not need as much external financing. RECOMMENDATIONS One of our preferred recommendations for the company would be to replace some, or all, of the short term debt with a long term note. If the company used the amount of the external financing, about $975K, at 6% for 10 years, Clarkson will pay $130K a year.At 15 years, the company will be paying $99K a year. Or the company could use half of the external financing amount, roughly $488K, at those same terms and pay $65K or $49K for ten years or fifteen years, respectively. These numbers indicate that by replacing short-term debt with long-term debt, Clarkson will be making smaller payments at a lower interest rate, freeing up additional cash flow. Another way Clarkson can increase their cash flow is by decreasing the accounts receivable period.In Exhibit 3, we can see that on average the company takes 39 days to collect from accounts receivable and the company has a cash cycle of 55 days, meaning there is a 55 day delay between paying for inventory and collecting the sale. Thus, we recommend that the company use a stricter policy for collections for its customers. For example, if Clarkson could require payments in 30 days, their cash cycle drops to 45 days. By decreasing the accounts receivable period, the company can collect cash more quickly and will pay less in finance CLARKSON LUMBER CASE STUDY – FINAN 6022-002 †¢ PAGE 4 harges. The cash collected from accounts receivable can then be used to manage accounts payable. Our next recommendation is based on Clarkson’s need to increase the amount of cash available, thus capitalizing on growth opportunities. From 1993-1995, the company’s need for increased financing despite profitability comes from Mr. Clarkson’s buyout of Holtz’s share of the company, as well as the increase in inventory and accounts receivable as explained above. It is important for Clarkson Lumber to have access to larger amounts of cash to support its growth in the short and long term.Clarkson’s current success is due to the ability to compete on price; thus a large growth opportunity exists if they can continue to use trade discounts. If the company can use trade discounts, they will receive a purchase discount of around $86K added to income. The trade-off comes from the company having significa ntly lower accounts payable. In the long run the company will clearly need the additional credit, shown by the internal growth rate of 6. 1% and a projected sales growth of 21. 7%.The company will also need to alter the equity/debt ratio due to the projected growth rate of sales in 1996 which is greater than their sustainable growth rate of 15. 8%. Clarkson Lumber will potentially start producing positive free cash flows, as long as their growth rate stabilizes at a more reasonable rate. Our recommendations are aimed at producing positive free cash flows sooner, and the increase in quantity discounts will lower the cost of goods of sold and offset the financial obligations. If the $750,000 line of credit is extended by Northrup Bank, then debt and interest expenses will increase.This creates even more of a necessity to apply the increase in available credit in such a way that will reduce costs. CLARKSON LUMBER CASE STUDY – FINAN 6022-002 †¢ PAGE 5 EXHIBIT 1 CLARKSON LUMB ER COMPANY INCOME STATEMENT 1993 NET SALES COGS: BEGINNING INVENTORY PURCHASES ENDING INVENTORY TOTAL COGS GROSS PROFIT OPERATING EXPENSES EBIT INTEREST EXPENSE NET INCOME BEFORE TAXES PROVISION FOR TAXES NET INCOME 1994 1995 1ST QTR 1996 $2,921 $3,477 $4,519 $1,062 $330 $2,209 $2,539 $337 $2,202 $337 $2,729 $3,066 $432 $2,634 $432 $3,579 $4,011 $587 $3,424 $587 $819 $1,406 $607 $799 $719 $622 $97 $23 $74 $14 $60 $843 $717 126 $42 $84 $16 $68 $1,095 $940 $155 $56 $99 $22 $77 $263 $244 $19 $13 $6 $1 $5 CLARKSON LUMBER CASE STUDY – FINAN 6022-002 †¢ APPENDIX EXHIBIT 2 CLARKSON LUMBER COMPANY BALANCE SHEET 1993 1994 1995 1ST QTR 1996 CASH ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, NET INVENTORY CURRENT ASSETS FIXED ASSETS TOTAL ASSETS $43 $306 $337 $686 $233 $919 $52 $411 $432 $895 $262 $1,157 $56 $606 $587 $1,249 $388 $1,637 $53 $583 $607 $1,243 $384 $1,627 NOTES PAYABLE, BANK NOTE PAYABLE TO HOLTZ (CPLTD) NOTES PAYABLE, TRADE ACCOUNTS PAYABLE ACCRUED EXPENSES TERM LOAN, CURRENT PORTION CURRENT LIABILITIES TERM LOAN NOTE PAYABLE TO HOLTZ TOTAL LIABILITIESNET WORTH $0 $0 $0 $213 $42 $20 $275 $140 $0 $415 $504 $60 $100 $0 $340 $45 $20 $565 $120 $100 $785 $372 $390 $100 $127 $376 $75 $20 $1,088 $100 $0 $1,188 $449 $399 $100 $123 $364 $67 $20 $1,073 $100 $0 $1,173 $454 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND NET WORTH $919 $1,157 $1,637 $1,627 CLARKSON LUMBER CASE STUDY – FINAN 6022-002 †¢ APPENDIX EXHIBIT 3 1993 1994 1995 AVERAGE LOW PROFIT OUTLETS HIGH PROFIT OUTLETS COGS OPERATING EXPENSE CASH ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE INVENTORY FIXED ASSETS TOTAL ASSETS PURCHASES 75. 39% 21. 29% 1. 47% 10. 48% 11. 54% 7. 98% 31. 46% 75. 62% 75. 75% 20. 62% 1. 50% 11. 82% 12. 42% 7. 54% 33. 28% 78. 49% 5. 77% 20. 80% 1. 24% 13. 41% 12. 99% 8. 59% 36. 22% 79. 20% 75. 64% 20. 91% 1. 40% 11. 90% 12. 32% 8. 03% 33. 65% 77. 77% 76. 9% 22. 0% 1. 3% 13. 7% 12. 0% 12. 1% 39. 1% 75. 1% 20. 6% 1. 1% 12. 4% 11. 6% 9. 2% 34. 3% PERCENT OF TOTAL ASSETS: CURRENT LIABILITIES LONG-TERM LIABILITIES EQUITY 9. 41% 4. 79 % 17. 25% 16. 25% 6. 33% 10. 70% 24. 08% 2. 21% 9. 94% 16. 58% 4. 44% 12. 63% 52. 7% 34. 8% 12. 5% 29. 2% 16. 0% .54. 8 CURRENT RATIO RETURN ON SALES RETURN ON ASSETS RETURN ON EQUITY 2. 49 3. 32% 6. 53% 11. 90% 1. 58 3. 62% 5. 88% 18. 28% 1. 15 3. 43% 4. 70% 17. 15% 1. 74 3. 46% 5. 70% 15. 78% 1. 31 -0. 70% 1. 80% -14. 30% 2. 52 4. 30% 12. 20% 22. 10% 6. 85 53. 28 9. 70 37. 63 9. 53 38. 32 90. 91 52. 60 6. 72 54. 31 8. 89 41. 07 9. 56 38. 16 95. 38 57. 22 6. 79 53. 80 9. 29 39. 35 9. 55 38. 24 93. 15 54. 91 6. 24% 18. 28% 19. 03% 25. 90% 4. 94% 17. 15% 29. 97% 41. 49% 6. 06% 15. 78% 24. 50% 33. 69% PERCENT OF SALES: INVENTORY TURNOVER (AVG) INVENTORY PERIOD RECEIVABLES TURNOVER RECEIVABLES PERIOD PAYABLES TURNOVER PAYABLES PERIOD OPERATING CYCLE CASH CYCLE INTERNAL GROWTH RATE SUSTAINABLE GROWTH RATE ACTUAL GROWTH MARGIN ASSET GROWTH MARGIN 6. 98% 11. 90% CLARKSON LUMBER CASE STUDY – FINAN 6022-002 †¢ APPENDIXEXHIBIT 4 CASH FLOWS FOR CLARKSON 1994 1995 1993 T0 1995 $68 ($105) ($95) $127 $3 $77 ($195) ($155) $163 $30 $145 ($300) ($250) $290 $33 CASH FROM OPERATIONS ($2) ($80) ($82) SOURCE OF CASH: CASH FROM OPERATIONS CASH FROM BANK LOANS SOURCES OF CASH: ($2) 60 $58 ($80) 330 $250 ($82) 390 $308 $29 $20 $49 $126 $20 $100 $246 $155 $40 $100 $295 $9 $4 $13 CASH FROM OPERATIONS NET INCOME CHANGE IN A/R CHANGE IN INVENTORY CHANGE IN N/P – TRADE CHANGE IN ACCRUED EXP. USE OF CASH FIXED ASSETS CPLTD HOLTZ LOAN USE OF CASH CHANGE IN CASH CLARKSON LUMBER CASE STUDY – FINAN 6022-002 †¢ APPENDIX EXHIBIT 5CLARKSON LUMBER COMPANY FORECASTS PROJECTED INCOME STATEMENT WITH PURCHASE DISCOUNT PROJECTED INCOME STATEMENT WITHOUR PURCHASE DISCOUNT 1996 NET SALES COGS: BEGINNING INVENTORY PURCHASES* 1996 $5,500 ENDING INVENTORY TOTAL COGS** $587 $4,279 $4,866 $708 $4,158 GROSS PROFIT OPERATING EXPENSES*** EBIT PURCHASE DISCOUNT**** INTEREST EXPENSE***** NET INCOME BEFORE TAXES PROVISION FOR TAXES NET INCOME NET SALES COGS: BEGINNING INVENTORY PURCH ASES $1,342 $1,150 $192 $86 $93 $185 $55 $130 ENDING INVENTORY TOTAL COGS 1996 ASSETS CASH A/R, NET INVENTORY CURRENT ASSETS FIXED ASSETS TOTAL ASSETS 1996 LIABILITIESA/P (10 Days of Purchases) ACCRUED EXP. (1. 5% of Sales) CPLTD BANK NOTE PAYABLE (PLUG) CURRENT LIABILITIES LT DEBT TOTAL LIABILITIES NET WORTH TOTAL LIABILITIES AND NET WORTH $1,342 $1,150 $192 $93 $99 $41 $58 PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET $77 $655 708 $1,440 $411 $1,851 $587 $4,279 $4,866 $708 $4,158 GROSS PROFIT OPERATING EXPENSES EBIT INTEREST EXPENSE NET INCOME BEFORE TAXES PROVISION FOR TAXES NET INCOME * Purchases based on average percentage of Sales (77. 8%) ** Total COGS based on average percentage of Sales (75. 6%) *** Operating Costs based on average percentage of Sales (20. 1%) **** 2% Discount on Purchases of $4,277 ***** 11% on the LOC and 10% on Term Loan ASSETS CASH (1. 4% of Sales) A/R NET (11. 9% of Sales) INVENTORY CURRENT ASSETS FIXED ASSETS* TOTAL ASSETS $5,500 $117 $83 $20 $972 $ 1,192 80 $1,272 $579 $1,851 0. 075 77 655 708 1440 411 1851 LIABILITIES A/P ACCRUED EXP. CPLTD BANK NOTE PAYABLE (PLUG) CURRENT LIABILITIES LT DEBT TOTAL LIABILITIES NET WORTH $465 83 20 $696 $1,264 80 $1,344 $507 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND NET WORTH $1,851 * I used the average total assets of sales percentage and backed into Fixed Assets CLARKSON LUMBER CASE STUDY – FINAN 6022-002 †¢ APPENDIX

Wan Design

In this scenario I will be providing information associated with the creation of a WAN for ACME Manufacturing. This business has several locations spread out all over America and requires a WAN to connect their locations in America with their newly build plant in China. With the headquarters and engineering offices in Atlanta, which are right across the street from each other, the plan would make sense to connect all communication here.There are also distribution offices in New York, Chicago, and Phoenix which will have to be connected to this network to attend the weekly company meetings and have access to information stored at headquarters. For the headquarters and engineering offices in Atlanta a LAN setup with routers and Ethernet wires will be introduced. This choice is based on higher speeds for the network as well as a significant reduction in cost. For the offices in New York, Chicago, and Phoenix a Satellite link will be added to ensure communication with the network located at the headquarters in Atlanta.A satellite link will be made available to China as well to ensure that all locations have access to the main headquarters. Having all offices linked to a central location will allow interactions to be achieved for orders, manufacturing, communication, and other correspondence. This will allow the information and communication to be delivered at a higher standard than other means. Because we will be connecting all of the locations to a central location in Atlanta we will be using a Star Topology. A Star Topology will allow everyoffice a direct link to headquarters and will centralize the network management making it easier for an administrator to monitor. I have listed an example diagram of the Star Topology Below: With this Star Topology and the vast distances that would have to be reached to ensure communication with all locations ACME Manufacturing will have to lease T1 lines. This will ensure High Bandwidth speed and promote a more successful inte raction time for fulfilling orders and maintaining communication between headquarters, distribution, and the newly constructed plant.A T1 transmission can reach speeds of 1. 544Mbps and maintain up to 24 digitally transformed voice channels. (Techterms. com, 2013) In the interest of Telecommunications ACME Manufacturing would benefit the most from a VOIP. VOIP’s have become a new method for businesses of all sizes to interact and communicate with each other. With a reduced cost in cabling and hardware needed for setting up the service it brings great benefits to a business. Often the same cables utilized to make up a network can be used to create a VOIP and communicate efficiently.With this form of telecommunication ACME Manufacturing is sure to increase production, maintain a better relationship with customers, and decrease the overall expenses with a low maintenance system. Virtual meetings will be made easier as the VOIP is utilized by all locations that are connected to t he main headquarters. When addressing IP Addressing a Class C would be appropriate, supposing the network mask pertains to every subnet and using the same network IP address. (Regan, 2004) A VLAN will be advantageous to ACME Manufacturing because of the link it will provide to all six locations.Because the buildings are separated physically from each other a Virtual Network will allow the buildings to be grouped virtually which will increase the efficiency of the network. This virtual grouping will allow for better communication and increased productivity between all locations. I have assessed the hardware needs associated with this network and have come up with some suggestions which will operate the network in the most efficient way. First, A number of Mainframe Computer Systems will be installed at each location which will serve as the brain for each location.After the initial link is made with the central headquarters the Mainframe computers will be linked to routers and switche s. Routers and switches will be utilized to route network signals to all areas of this large network. Telephony systems will be introduced to serve the VOIP located at each location to assist with communication needs. Wireless technologies will also be needed to assist with mobility and other devices such as printers, laptops, fax machines, etc. Lastly, a physical firewall will be enforced at each location to protect the network from internal and external intruders.The wireless technologies for ACME Manufacturing will be specific to the needs of the company. For example the teleconferencing between the six locations may require wireless webcams and headsets which will need to be ran on a wireless signal. These technologies may also need to utilize the satellite signals to better communicate across large physical distances. Wi-Fi may also be introduced within each building to increase mobility and productivity. The Wi-Fi technologies will be worth it because the benefit will outweigh the extra cost as the technology is easy to set up and maintain.The Router protocols implemented will be a OSPF which stands for (open shortest path first). Because of the large network being introduced this protocol will be the most useful. This protocol operates on Internal Gateway Protocols by routing the most direct path and using the bandwidth most optimally. This not only reduces the use of bandwidth but also offers an ease of maintenance for administrators. (Techterms. com) The last area to be assessed will be the security of the network. This is by no means the less important as the security of this size will be difficult.Physical firewalls should be setup on each mainframe at each location to control the flow of incoming and outgoing information. Antivirus and Malware software should be implemented to help seek and destroy malicious attacks. Encryption will be used in the form of users supplying unique usernames and difficult passwords in order to gain entry into the netwo rk. Also, a physical form of protection will be introduced into vital places like server rooms and admin offices in the form of physical security cameras and in some cases guards.A team should be formed at each location to ensure the security of the network and combat any unauthorized entry. No network security system is obsolete but all bases should be covered. With these recommendations I have supplied I believe that the ACME Manufacturing company will be happy with their network. It will allow communication and distribution orders from each location and all will be connected to the main headquarters. The increase in productivity and communication will surely lead to an increase in sales and success.